Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation
Russian Academy of Sciences
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RADIO AND MAGNETOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELD IN A BIPOLAR ACTIVE REGION

Abramov-Maksimov V.E.

Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory, St.-Petersburg, Russia, beam@pulkovo.spb.ru

Peterova N.G.

St.-Petersburg Branch of Special Astrophysical Observatory, St.-Petersburg, Russia, peterova@fsao.spb.ru

Ryabov B.I.

Ventspils International Radioastronomy Centre, Riga, Latvia, ryabov@acad.latnet.lv

The structure of coronal magnetic field above the bipolar active region (AR) NOAA 6444 on January 12-18, 1991 is searched out on the base of microwave observations by the radiotelescopes RATAN-600 and SSRT. The radio measurements of the field from the microwave polarization transformed in the coronal region of quasi-transverse propagation and the linear force-free extrapolations of the magnetographic measurements are used.. The special interest is the short-run inversion of the sense of circular polarization over just a region of the sunspot-associated microwave source at January 13. The analyses of the short-run inversion as well as of the regular one (which lasts for 1-2 days above the closest to the solar limb part of the AR) results in the coronal magnetic field reconstruction. Moreover, the coronal structure responsible for the short-run polarizational inversion is revealed in detail using the MSFC magnetogram of the AR 6444

 

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Study of vortical motions in the plasma sheet using the Interball-1 data.

Agapitov A.V., Verkhoglyadova O.P.

Dept. of Astronomy and Space Physics, Kiev University, Ukraineverkh@astrophys.ups.kiev.ua

Vortical flows associated with the ULF compressional waves in the plasma sheet of the Earth magnetosphere are studied. Magnetic field and plasma data obtained by MIF-M and CORALL onboard the Interball-1 are processed. Data are taken for 1995-1997 time intervals, when the satellite was passing the flanks of the magnetosphere. Plasma velocity vector fields along the trajectory and the respective hodographs are analyzed. The Minimum Variance Method is used to determine the vortex plane. Plasma velocity varitions along and transverse to the local field line are evaluated. Plasma pressure and magnetic field are analyzed using wavelet analysis. Evidence of the 3-dimensional vortex plasma motion is found. Theoretical model of nonlinear drift vortex formation is considered.

 

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Study of ballooning modes in the inner Earth magnetosphere.

Burdo O.S.

National Technical University of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

Cheremnykh O.K.

Space Research Institute NASU & NSAU, Kiev, Ukraine

Verkhoglyadova O.P.

Taras Shevchenko Kiev University, Kiev, Ukraine

Stability of low-frequency modes in the dipole magnetic field is studied using general ballooning equations. Sufficient condition for excitation of ballooning-type disturbances in the equatorial region of the plasmosphere is obtained. Respective wave spectra are analyzed. Eigenfrequency and growth rate dependencies on the McIlwain parameter and plasma beta are computed. Typical values are estimated for different pressure gradients in the plasmosphere. Spatial localization of the unstable modes for typical and disturbed conditions is discussed.

General case of MHD equation of small oscillations in the dipole field is studied. Respective dispersion equations are obtained. It is shown that the poloidal alfven waves and slow magnetosonic waves are coupled when the plasma beta is relatively high. Conditions of the mode splitting are analysed. Under this conditions the flute and ballooning modes become unstable.

 

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Nobeyama Radio Observatory, Nagano. Japan. Shibasa@nro.nao.ac.jp

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QUANTITATIVE COLOUR PHOTOMETRY OF THE SOLAR CORONA

Kroussanova N.I., Kim I.S.

Sternberg State Astronomical Institute of Moscow State University, Universitetsky pr., 13, Moscow 119899, Russia,krouss@sai.msu.su, kim@sai.msu.su

Park Y.D.

Korea Astronomy Observatory, 61-1,Hwaamdong, Yusong-gu WWTaejon 305-348, Korea,

ydpark@seeru.boao.re.kr

Quantitative colour photometry and IDL software are used to estimate the "reddening" effect of the solar corona.The slides of relative calibration (wedge) and the eclipse white-light corona of July 11, 1991 are revised. Digitizing the colour films by Perkin Elmer microdensitometer was made in the blue and the red spectral intervals centered at 450 nm and 660 nm respectively. IDL data reduction was based on the two suggestions. Firstly, colour of the K-corona indicated by the large-scale streamers is similar to the solar disk one. Secondly, the colour index (CI = I(6 6 0 )/I(4 5 0 )) equals 1 within the inner part of the large-scale NE-streamer (P @ 37° , R = 1.15-1.30 R¤ ). Distribution of the CI is presented for the whole corona. CI is noted to be different within different coronal structures. The "reddening" as well as its increasing with distance are found in the range <3 R¤ . Integration along the line of sight and correct absolute calibration seem to be crucial for searching the "reddening" effect deduced from intensity distribution in the picture plane.

 

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OBSERVATIONS OF THE MAGNETIC FIELDS AT CORONAL HIGHTS OF A LIMB SOLAR FLARE

Lozitsky V.G., Lozitska N.I.

Kyiv University Astronomical Observatory, Observatorna str.,3, Kyiv, 252053, Ukraine

lozitsky@aoku.freenet.kiev.ua

The 1B limb flare on July 17, 1981 was observed with Echelle spectrograph of Kyiv University Astronomical Observatory. Six Zeeman spectrograms were obtained including flash phase of flare in 8:17 UT. At this time, the two-component flare emissions were detected in Balmer, HeI and CaII lines, namely wide and narrow ones. For the CaII 3933.66 A the half width of wide emission was 2.5 A whereas the narrow one was 0.32 A only. We measured a essential Zeeman shift in narrow component of emission which indicate on kilogauss magnetic fields at levels of low corona or transitional zone. Preliminary values of field strength is 1-3 kG for level of approximately 20000 km. It is interesting to note that the narrow emission componet has also very essential Doppler shift which indicates on velocities about 100 km/s directed to the observer, i.e. in parallel direction relatively to the solar surface.

Perhaps our data indicated on a manifestation of the current stream in flare which had arised during its flash phase.

 

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lubyshev@iszf.irk.ru

23 1987 . 9 1997 . .

 

THE SOLAR CYCLE VARIATIONS OF CORONAL ACTIVITY

Makarov V.I.Kislovodsk Solar Station of the Pulkovo Observatory,Kislovodsk, 357700, P.O.,Box 145, RussiaThe relationships among the coronal large-scale magnetic field patterns, polar activity, coronal holes and active regions of the solar cycle provide the perspective on the origin and evolution of solar magnetic fields and their relationship to processes in the solar interior. It is shown that coronal holes are the index of the differential rotation of the deep-seated magnetic fields.

Coronal large-scale velosity patterns of the Sun with particular emphasis of the torsional oscillations, meridional flow and giant cells are discussed. The average differential coronal rotation rate was derived from the large-scale magnetic fields, coronal intensity in FeXIV 5303 A

and Nobeyama radio observatory. The variations of the rotation rate during the solar cycle were found. Near solar maximum the rotation is more rigid and during minimum the rotation is less rigid than average.

The depth of the effective magnetic pole "q" was determined. A relation between q and the width of the coronal hole is discussed. In the N-hemisphere some correlation between Sp (sunspot area) and q was found. Anticorrelation between q/ t and Sp/ t

was observed. These results appear closely related to the phase of the magnetic cycle and to the large-scale zonal structure of the magnetic field. Results of the SOHO experiment are discussed.

 

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CORONAL ARCADES AND CAVITIES ABOVE FILAMENT CHANNELS AND FILAMENTS

Martin Sara F

Helio Research, 5212 Maryland Ave., La Crescenta, CA 91214, USA, sara@helioresearch.org

Enter the text of your abstract between these brackets: Coronal arcades have been shown to have the opposite sign of chirality from the filaments and filament channels beneath them (Martin and McAllister and references therein). with the understading thatthe observed sign of chirality has the same sign as the helicity of the magnetic fields of these features, it has been concludd that coronal arcades and filaments have helicity of opposite sign (Martin 1998). Observations have shown that filaments of opposite chirality (helicity) do not merge or join into a single filament as for filaments of the same sign of chirality. Similarly, active regions of opposite chirality do not tend to form interconnecting coronal loops (Pevtsov and Canfield 1998). Hence we reason that the coronal cavity between a filament and its overlying arcade can be due to opposing magnetic forces between them. It is then expected that the size of the cavity should be proportional to the relative magnetic flux densities of the coronal arcades and the filament magnetic fields beneath. The shape of a cavity would also be expected to change as the magnetic fields of the overlying magnetic fields and underlying filaments increase or decrease as they evolve. These concepts are most readily tested as filaments in different stages of evoltuion cross the west limb of the Sun.

 

PRIMARY PLASMA OUTFLOW AND THE FOTMATION AND HEATING OF THE SOLAR CORONA

(Plasma-magneto-hydrodynamic-modelling)

Mahajan S.

Institute for Fusion Studies, The Univ.~of Texas, mahajan@peaches.ph.utexas.edu,

Miklaszewski R.

Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, rysiek@ifpilm.waw.pl,

Nikol'skaya K.

Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, hellab@izmiran.troitsk.ru

Shatashvili N.

Plasma Physics Department, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, lkh@cosmr.acnet.ge).

Based on the conjectured existence of primary solar emanations (high spead plasma flows from the solar surface), a model for the Origin of the Fast Solar Wind, and the creation and heating of the coronal structures is developed.The principal distinguishing component of suggested model is the full treatment accorded to the velocity fields associated with the directed plasma motion. It is the interaction of the fluid and the magnetic aspects of plasma that ends up creating so much diversity in the solar atmosphere.

Preliminary results reproduce many of the salient observational features of the quiet corona. It is found that the structures which comprise the solar corona (for the quiescent Sun) owe their origin to particle (plasma) flows emanating from the Sun's surface. These primary emanations are the sources which are expected to provide, on a continuous basis, much of the required material and energy. From a general framework describing a plasma with flows, it has been able to ``derive" several of the essential characteristics of the the coronal structures.

 

PRIMARY PLASMA OUTFLOWS AND THE HIGH SPEED SOLAR WIND FORMATION

(Magneto-hydrodynamic modelling)

Mahajan S.

Institute for Fusion Studies, The Univ.~of Texas, mahajan@peaches.ph.utexas.edu,

Miklaszewski R.

Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, rysiek@ifpilm.waw.pl

Nikol'skaya K.(

Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation

,

hellab@izmiran.troitsk.ru

Shatashvili N.

Plasma Physics Department, Tbilisi State University, Georgia, lkh@cosmr.acnet.ge).

Based on the conjectured existence of primary solar emanations (high spead plasma flows from the solar surface), a model for the Origin of the Fast Solar Wind, and the creation and heating of the coronal structures is developed. The principal distinguishing component of suggested model is the full treatment accorded to the velocity fields associated with the directed plasma motion. It is the interaction of the fluid and the magnetic aspects of plasma that ends up creating so much diversity in the solar atmosphere.

A modeling of the Coronal Hole creation was performed. From a general framework describing a plasma with flows it is shown that the high spead primary solar outflows interacting with the neighbouring closed magnetic field structures create channels (open field regions) for their escape to appear as the fast solar wind. Preliminary results reproduce several of the essential characteristics of the observed fast solar wind.

 

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- , 195251 - , ., 29, , Valery.Ostryakov@pop.ioffe.rssi.ru

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, (Advanced Composition Explorer), . . , . Fe . , ó . , Fe. (, N, , T), . , Ta» 1´ (1010 -3/N) , T» 1.3´ 106 K.

 

Study of applicability of Ostapenko model to the magnetospheric data processing

Panchenko M.G., Verkhoglyadova O.P.

Dept of Astronomy and Space Physics, Taras Shevchenko Kiev University, Kiev, Ukraine

Magnetospheric magnetic field in the inner magnetosphere is estimated using the Ostapenko model. Field maps are obtained for different values of Dst indices. Comparison of the model values and the experimental data is made. Dependence of the results on magnetospheric activity is discussed. Spatial distribution of deviations between model results and the data is analyzed. Some recommendations concerning application of the Ostapenko model to the magnetospheric data set processing are proposed.

 

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.., , .., .., , .., , ..

- ,664033, . , / 4026, papushev@iszf.irk.ru

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- ,664033, . , / 4026, papushev@iszf.irk.ru

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, 254053, ., 3, pish@aoku.freenet.kiev.ua

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, , 142092, , , yplatov@izmiran.troitsk.ru

, , , . . , , . , 1997 .

 

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. , 53. . 117924, podgorny@fiand.msk.su

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CAN WE MEASURE THE CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS?

Ruzmaikin A.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA, aruzmaikin@jplsp.jpl.nasa.gov

Knowledge of coronal magnetic fields is crucial for understanding the origin of the solar wind, coronal heating and coronal mass ejections. Meanwhile our abilities to measure the fields directly, for example using the Hanle polarization effect, the Zeeman effect in infrared lines or radio gyro lines are limited and target mainly the regions in the low corona. In this talk a proposal to use the Faraday rotation of the linear polarized radio signals will be discussed. For this purpose a spacecraft positioned behind the Sun is required. Coronal sounding is provided by the spacecraft dual-frequency radio downlink. To avoid the damping of radio signals in the corona, the use of X and Ka band frequencies received at Deep Space Network Stations is suggested. The speed of density and magnetic inhomogeneities can also be determined from reception of the spacecraft signals at multiple VLBA antennas.

Simultaneous optical observations of magnetic fields on the photosphere and Faraday rotations in the corona can greatly facilitate finding the coronal magnetic field by deconvolution of the Faraday rotation data. The expected Faraday rotations are calculated from 3-D MHD models of the corona based on the photospheric fields measured the same day. Such models are developed by Mikic and Linker (see Solar Wind Eight, ed. by D. Winterhalter et al., AIP Press, N.Y., p.104, 1996). The required coronal electron density and magnetic field are routinely obtained from such models. Comparisons between the observed and expected Faraday rotations will then be used in an iterative fashion to obtain the best magnetic field intensities fit.

 

ON THE POSSIBILITY TO SEARCH OUT THE PECULIARITIES OF

CORONAL MAGNETIC FIELDS

Ryabov B.I.

Ventspils International Radioastronomy Centre,Riga, Latvia, Ryabov@acad.latnet.lv

Maksimov V.P.

Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Irkutsk, Russia

The coronal magnetic field measurements based on the two-dimensional radio maps of solar active regions are presented. The detailed analysis of a circular polarization inversion at microwaves is used to evaluate magnetic field at heights of the order of tens thousand km above the photosphere. The technique of the analysis is proposed as a unique possibility to search out the null points of coronal magnetic fields.

The technique is exemplified by the radio maps (Stokes I and V) taken with the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope at the wavelength l =5.2 cm (the angular resolution l =21") and the Nobeyama Radioheliograph at l =1.76 cm (q =10").

 

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..

, 664033, . , / 4026, rsalakh@iszf.irk.ru

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LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GREEN LINE CORONA BRIGHTNESS DURING THE PERIOD 1943-1997Sýkora J.Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatranská Lomnica,

Slovak Republic, sykora@ta3.sk

Badalyan O.G.

Institute of the Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142092 Troitsk, Russia, badalyan@izmiran.troitsk.ru, solter@izmiran.troitsk.ru

Different aspects of the large-scale distribution of the green line FeXIV, 530.3 nm corona brightness, recorded during more than the last five solar cycles, are presented. Among them, details of the north--south asymmetry in the coronal brightness are discussed. The preliminary results indicate a decisive role of the solar middle-latitude zone in displaying the coronal activity phenomena. This is particularly manifested in the strong correlation of the brightness in this zone with the sunspot number index. A certain signature of the 22-year magnetic cycle in the coronal brightness distribution is mentioned and a very distinct regular evolution in the latitude-time behaviour of coronal activity, is observed.

 

STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC FIELDS OF THE JULY 11, 1991 SOLAR ECLIPSE CORONA

Sykora J.

Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovak Republic, sykora@ta3.sk

Badalyan O.G, Obridko V.N.

Institute of the Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142092 Troitsk, Russia, badalyan@izmiran.troitsk.ru, solter@izmiran.troitsk.ru

Pintér T.

Slovak Central Observatory, 94701 Hurbanovo, pintert@kemar.sk

The set of the white-light images was used to perform a detailed relative photometry of the July 11, 1991 eclipse corona. The global form of this day corona was found rather unusual for the actual solar cycle phase. The calculated magnetic field structures and strengths are presented in dependence on the heliocentric distance. An idea on the close relation between the observed coronal form and structures, on the one hand, and the calculated magnetic field topology and strength, on the other hand, is supported and seems to be of great interest.

 

SOLAR CORONA FROM THE 1973--1998 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSESSýkora J.Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, 05960 Tatranská Lomnica, Slovak Republic, sykora@ta3.skBadalyan O.G, Livshits M.A, Obridko V.N.Institute of the Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142092 Troitsk, Russia, badalyan@izmiran.troitsk.ru, solter@izmiran.troitsk.ru

The solar eclipses still offer a very valuable opportunity to investigate the solar corona in the optical region. The well-set observations significantly complete the space and ground-based coronagraphic research. A review of the original results, obtained from our observations of the nine solar eclipses in the period 1973--1998, is given. The polarization measurements, both in continuum and emission green line radiations, represent the main way to map coronal magnetic field. Behaviour of the polarization inside the helmet streamers and coronal holes is clearly distinguished and reasoned by the physical parameters typical within these structures. In a number of streamers, interpretation of the measured data is only possible if a considerable concentration of coronal plasma towards the plane of the sky is assumed, which then allows the third dimension and the position of the streamer along the line of sight to be estimated. The discovered anticorrelation dependence between the degree of polarization and the green line intensity requires, the magnetic field strength and topology to be included into explanations of the observed degree and direction of polarization. This, in fact, means that the actual rates of the components, arising from the electron collisions and photo-excitation, and contributing to the total green line intensity, have to be considered separately for each of the individual, physically different coronal structures. The problem of how the peculiarities in distribution of the large-scale coronal structures are related to the long-term evolution of the global solar magnetic field is discussed briefly.

 

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- ,., http://ssrt.iszf.irk.ru

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, , ISF, SCOSTEP, INTAS, ESO.

 

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1. .., - .. // . , , -., 26-30 1997, . 226-230

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, , [1,2]. ( , , , q) , - , . [2]. , S, . , S [3]. , q, S. , , S .

  1. Mö bius E., Scholer M., Hovestadt D., Klecker B., et al. // ApJ. 1982. V.259. P.397.
  2. .., .., .. // , 1999 ( ).
  3. Schlickeiser R. // ApJ. 1989. V.336. P.264.

 

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- , 664033, .-33, / 4026, ntyagun@iszf.irk.ru

FeX l 6374 Þ [1]. 35° 65° , , . , .

N 961596733.

  1. Stepanov V.E., Tyagun N.F. In: Basic Mechanisms of Solar Activity. Dordrecht-Holland, 1976, 101. (IAU Sump. No 71).

 

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- , - , .- 198904, usmanov@snoopy.phys.spbu.ru

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Nakajima H.

Nobejama Radio Observatory, Nobejama, Japan, nakajima@nro.nao.ac.jp

, , ( ) , . Nobejama Radioheliograph Yohkoh/SXT. , . 70% , . .

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k = 4.9× 10-9, n - , E - , s =sin Q , Q - - , H - , s o = sin Q o - , , - L, 2× E 3/2 + 3× k× n× t º E o . . .

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  1. , . . , , , 1996.

 

.., ..

. .. , 194021 -, . 26, Yuri.Charikov@pop.ioffe.rssi.ru

Yohkoh. (Farnik et al, Solar Physics, 1998, v.183, p.339-357). , , . , , . , , , . , 1978-1079 . 6-7. . Yohkoh . , . , , . . , () , . , , .

 

RECONNECTION REGION WITH FAST SHOCK FRONTS AS A SOURCE OF MICROWAVE SPIKES

Chernov G.P.

IZMIRAN, Troitsk, Moscow Region, 142092, Russia, gchernov@izmiran.troitsk.

Fu O.J.

BAO, Beijing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080, China

Kosugi T., Hanaoka Y.

Institute of Space and Astraunotical Science, Nobeyama Radio Observatory (Japan)

A new model for solar spike bursts is considered based on the interaction of Langmuir waves with ion-sound waves. Such mechanism can operate in shock fronts, propagating from a magnetic reconnection region. New observations of microwave millisecond spikes are discussed. They have been observed in two events: 1997.11.04 between 0552-0610 UT and 1997.11.28 between 05:00-05:10 UT using multichannel spectrograph in the range 2,6-3.8 GHz of Beijing AO. Yohkoh/SXT images in AR and SOHO EIT images testify a reconstruction of bright loops after the escape of CME. Fast shock front might be manifested as very bright line at Te SXT maps (up to 20MK) and as very dense structures at EM maps. The model gives the ordinary mode of spike emission. Sometime observed a different polarization of microwave spikes might be connected with the depolarization of the emission in the transverse magnetic field and rather in the vanishing magnetic field in the middle of QT region. Duration and frequency band of isolated spikes are connected with parameters of fast particle beams and shock front. Millisecond microwave spikes are, might be, a unique manifestation of flare fast shocks in the radio emission.

 

,

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- , , 198904, .-, Alexandr.Chertkov@pobox.spbu.ru

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- , , 198904, .-Alexandr.Chertkov@pobox.spbu.ru

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- , , 198904, .-, Alexandr.Chertkov@pobox.spbu.ru

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, 142092, , ., ichertok@izmiran.troitsk.ru

Nobeyama, Yohkoh/SXT, SOHO/EIT, TRACE . : ( ) , , , . , , , , . , , (). - , , , , . , , , , . , , , , -, , , , , . , , http://helios.izmiran.troitsk.ru/lars/Chertok/

 

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1. .., .. . , 37, No.7, .883, 1994.

 

FRAGMENTED STRUCTURE OF INTERPLANETARY TYPE II BURSTS

G. Thejappa

Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

R. J. MacDowall

NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771

We present an analysis of the in-situ wave data in the vicinity of a large number of interplanetary shocks observed by Ulysses. The main results are: (1) Langmuir waves are observed at a small fraction (1/7) of interplanetary shocks, (2) Langmuir waves occur mostly in the upstream regions, and (3) Langmuir waves are produced by both quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks. These observational findings suggest that requiring the shock normal angle, q Bn to be ~ p /2 for the generation of the type II emission or to explain the burstiness of the emission is inappropriate. We also analyze one of the heavily fragmented type II bursts, and identify a shock pair as its exciting agent. We suggest that theinteraction of Langmuir waves excited by one of these shocks with the sharp density gradient associated with a companion shock is probably responsible for the clumpiness of the type II event. It is shown that this interaction sharply increases the efficiency of conversion of Langmuir waves into electromagnetic radiation at fpe leading to the bright fragmentary structures.

 

.., ..

, 664033, -33, / 4026, Vshel@iszf.irk.ru

. , .. ( ), - , .. ( ). , , , . , . . , - ( ) . Dst- , , . - . . .

95-05-14385, 98-05-65120.

 

THE MOTION OF Ca-IONS IN THE OUTER CORONA

Shestakova L.I.

Astrophysical Institute of Kazakhstan, 480020 Astrophysical Institute, shest@afi.academ.alma-ata.su

A preliminary model of Ca-ions motion in the outer solar corona is presented.The radiation pressure, magnetic drift and solar gravity are taken into account. Mainly the radiation pressure accelerates and takes away the ions from the Sun. A good fit to observations of Gulyaev and Shcheglov(1999) during the total solar eclipse 26.02.1998 is found.}

 

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